Newton's Law Research Articles

Limitations Of Newton's Second Law In The Quantum Realm: A Comparative Analysis With Quantum Physics

Limitations Of Newton's Second Law In The Quantum Realm: A Comparative Analysis With Quantum Physics

Enhanced Sampling in Molecular Dynamics Simulations: How Many MD Snapshots can be Needed to Reproduce the Biological Behavior?

Since its early days in the 19th century, medicinal chemistry has concentrated its efforts on the treatment of diseases, using tools from areas such as chemistry, pharmacology, and molecular biology. The understanding of biological mechanisms and signaling pathways is crucial information for the development of potential agents for the treatment of diseases mainly because they are such complex processes. Given the limitations that the experimental approach presents, computational chemistry is a valuable alternative for the study of these systems and their behavior. Thus, classical molecular dynamics, based on Newton's laws, is considered a technique of great accuracy, when appropriated force fields are used, and provides satisfactory contributions to the scientific community. However, as many configurations are generated in a large MD simulation, methods such as Statistical Inefficiency and Optimal Wavelet Signal Compression Algorithm are great tools that can reduce the number of subsequent QM calculations. Accordingly, this review aims to briefly discuss the importance and relevance of medicinal chemistry allied to computational chemistry as well as to present a case study where, through a molecular dynamics simulation of AMPK protein (50 ns) and explicit solvent (TIP3P model), a minimum number of snapshots necessary to describe the oscillation profile of the protein behavior was proposed. For this purpose, the RMSD calculation, together with the sophisticated OWSCA method was used to propose the minimum number of snapshots.

Measuring forces in a 2D multi-contact system using the virtual fields method: Principle, simulations and experimental application to a three-particle system

This paper proposes an experimental approach to measure contact forces in a two-dimensional system composed of cylindrical particles using the Virtual Fields Method (VFM). This identification method relies on the knowledge of the strain distribution in the particles forming the discrete medium. Synthetic strain data provided by a finite element model (with added noise) were first used as input data for the identification procedure. It is shown that if the mechanical response of the constitutive material is known, the contact forces applied to a particle can be identified, since they are proportional to a weighted average of the strain components, the weights being the virtual strain components. Various strategies were tested to propose kinematically admissible fields for the virtual displacement. Identification technique robustness was studied with respect to various sources of error, such as noise in the strain field, missing data along the boundaries, and a possible spurious shift between real and virtual fields. An experimental application was then performed on a three-particle system subjected to confined compression by processing strain maps obtained using Localized Spectrum Analysis (LSA) for each particle. In addition to the VFM equations, particle equilibrium and Newton's third law of motion were taken into account to propose a relevant strategy for processing the experimental data. The results open up prospects for applications to granular materials composed of numerous particles.

About Some Applications of Mathematics

In this paper, a new mass-velocity relation is derived. The orbit of planetary motion is deduced based on this new relation and the Newtonian laws of motion along with the concept of proper time. The derivation does not use the tensor concept, but the relativistic orbit is obtained as a first approximation of the modified Newtonian theory. Next, we discuss the possibility of introducing a field dependent metric for the EM field by considering the observation that E2 - c2 B2 or E2 - B2 with c = 1 is approximately an invariant quantity for EM Field [1-3]. It is possible to extend the metric for the gravitational case also [4]. The discussion of anomalous characteristic of Lorentz Transformation (LT) and the introduction of a non-linear transformation connecting Local Space-time coordinates (ct,x) with proper system is continued.

Study and Analysis of Some Real Life Applications of Exponential Function

The exponential function as a mathematical concept plays an important role in the Corpus of mathematical knowledge, but unfortunately Students have problems grasping it. Paper exposes examples of exponential function application in a real-world (life).One of the most prevalent applications of exponential functions Involves growth and decay models. Exponential growth and decay show up in a host of natural applications. From population growth and continuously compounded Interest to radioactive decay and Newton's law of cooling, exponential functions are ubiquitous in nature. In this section, we examine exponential grown and decay in the context of some of the applications. In the preceding section, we examined a population growth problem in which the population grew at a fixed percentage each year. In that case, we found that the population can be described by an exponential function. A similar analysis will show that any process in which a quantity grows by a fixed percentage each year (or each day, hour etc.) can be modeled by an exponential function. Compound Interest is a good example of such a process. Other applications of exponential function are bacterial growth, bacterial decay, population decline, are obtained in this project.

Фундаментальний аналіз та оптимізація (мінімізація) динамічних навантажень у пружних елементах механізмів підйому вантажу кранів. Частина ІІ

A scientifically substantiated methodology of optimization of motion modes of machines and mechanisms (in particular, city-building cranes) based on minimization of integral functionals, which reflect undesirable properties of mechanical systems, and terminal (initial/final) conditions of motion of the mechanism of lifting cargoes by cranes have a physical meaning and are based on Newton's laws of mechanics, is proposed. The modes of motion of specific mechanical systems with a linear function of the position of elements are optimized on the example of mechanisms of load-lifting city-building cranes. It is shown that the influence of motion modes of drive mechanisms on dynamic loads in elastic elements of the mechanism of lifting mechanism of a city-building crane (ropes) is essential. The parameters of such modes of functioning/movement of such systems, at which exactly dynamic stresses of ropes at the stages of start-up of mechanisms of lifting mechanism of cranes are minimized, are determined. The results obtained in the work can further serve to clarify and improve the existing engineering methods of calculation of load lifting mechanisms of urban cranes in order to minimize the dynamic stresses of their rope systems at the start-up stage, as well as to prevent the occurrence of possible emergency situations. Such an approach can be realized both at the stages of design of the mentioned mechanisms and in the modes of proper operation.

Design and optimization of quasi-zero-stiffness dual harvester-absorber system

The single quasi-zero-stiffness harvester-absorber system has shown its effectiveness in harvesting vibration energy and suppressing low-frequency vibrations simultaneously. Nevertheless, drawbacks of narrow frequency range of vibration suppression and low output power are still challenges. In this paper, a novel quasi-zero-stiffness dual harvester-absorber system (QZS DHAS) is proposed for broadband synergistic vibration suppression and energy harvesting at low frequency. The QZS feature is realized by mounting an equal-strength piezoelectric beam and a pair of magnet rings in parallel. Firstly, the restoring force of both the piezoelectric beam and the magnet rings are theoretically derived, respectively, which are verified by finite element simulations. Then, the governing equations of a host oscillator with QZS DHAS are derived based on Newton's law and Kirchhoff's law, which are solved by the harmonic balanced method combined with the pseudo arc-length continuation method. Moreover, the effects of mass ratios, frequency ratios and damping ratios on the performance of the QZS DHAS are investigated in details. Finally, the parameters of the QZS DHAS are optimized to improve the performance of vibration suppression and energy harvesting by using the multi-objectives genetic algorithm in combination with the technique of establishing order preference by similarity to the ideal solution. The results show that the peak response of the host oscillator is reduced by 33.48 % and the peak power is increased by 531.38 % after optimization, which indicates that the dual objectives of broadband vibration absorption and high-efficiency energy harvesting are fulfilled.

Newtonian laws of motion and conservation principles

Newton’s laws of motion and Newtonian conservation principles such as those for energy and momentum involve the assumption that the vanishing of a certain total time derivative, on integration, yields a fixed constant value as an immediate consequence. While this may ultimately be the case for additional reasons, it is possible to have a properly vanishing total time derivative and yet the individual partial derivates are non-zero. Here, for a particular problem and based only on the requirement that the total time derivative of the quantity vanishes, we investigate the particular mechanism leading to a conventional conservation principle. For the energy and angular momentum totals for planar steady orbiting motion, the partial differential conditions may be formally solved to obtain the general solutions. We determine the general structure for variable energy and angular momentum for which the total time derivatives vanish, and from which it is apparent that the standard expression for constant energy and angular momentum is recovered.

Integrating Local Science and School Science: The Benefits for Preserving Local Wisdom and Promoting Students’ Learning

<p dir="ltr"><span>Integrating local science into science learning benefits students and the culture. However, science teaching tends to focus only on the scientific content presented in the books but ignores the local culture. This paper explores local science in community cultural activities to be implemented in science learning to introduce students to cultural values following the concept of science. It identifies local science, describes the oral arguments produced by the tribal council, and analyzes the lesson plan by five science teachers in the Nagekeo district, East Nusa Tenggara. The data used in this analysis are observation and identification, interviews, and assessment sheets. The findings show that the local science in Nagekeo cultural activities that can be integrated into science learning includes the traditional unit and measurement systems, Newton's laws in their application to the traditional game, biodiversity in the traditional hunt, the concept of heat transfer, and its application in the construction of traditional houses, and vibrations, waves, and sounds in the traditional musical instrument. Recommendations from this research are embracing local science in science learning to provide meaningful learning for students and preserve local culture for each generation in the future so that it does not become extinct. </span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>

COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION ZONES IN EXTREME SITUATIONS AT ENERGY FACILITIES

Problem statement. The task of forecasting damage zones under various types of man-made load in the event of an extreme situation at a gas station is considered. Comprehensive forecasting includes the determination of areas of chemical, thermal and mechanical contamination in the event of an extreme situation at a gas station. The purpose of the article. Development of a theoretical toolkit and a package of programs for complex forecasting of chemical, thermal and chemical environmental pollution zones in the event of an extreme situation at a gas station. Methodology. Forecasting of zones of chemical, thermal and mechanical pollution of the environment in the event of an extreme situation at a gas station uses the fundamental equations of the mechanics of a solid environment: the mass transfer equation is used to calculate zones of chemical pollution; the energy equation is used to determine the zones of thermal pollution of the atmospheric air; Newton's second law is used to calculate mechanical contamination zones. Integration of modeling equations is carried out numerically. A specialized package of programs for comprehensive forecasting of environmental pollution has been created. Scientific novelty. A specialized package of programs based on developed numerical models is proposed for the assessment of chemical, thermal and mechanical pollution zones that arise in the event of an extreme situation at a gas station. On the basis of the developed numerical models, an assessment of complex environmental pollution during an extreme situation at a gas station in the city of Dnipro was carried out. Practical significance. The developed numerical models are implemented in the form of a package of application programs with a wide working range. The program package is focused on solving problems in the field of environmental safety and occupational health and safety. Determining the zones of chemical, thermal and mechanical pollution of the environment with the help of the developed program package will be important in the development of the plan for localization and liquidation of emergency situations and accidents. Conclusions. An effective tool for theoretical analysis of pollution zones formed during an extreme situation at gas stations has been created. The results of computational experiments are presented.

Physics-guided deep learning for driving force estimation in synchronous tunnel boring machines under missing cylinders

To solve the problems of high-dimensional under-constraint and state unknowability in the segment assembly process, this study develops a physics-guided deep learning approach to estimate the hydraulic cylinder driving force and promote the system stability in the synchronous excavation and segment assembly tunnel boring machines (S-TBMs). The Newton's law and the Lagrange multiplier method are used to analyze the force boundary of the S-TBM, where the constraint equations are embedded into the deep learning model. The basic model adopts the multi-head attention deep neural network (MD) architecture, which can capture the extreme data of the cylinder through the attention mechanism. The results show that: (1) The proposed physics-guided deep learning can effectively predict driving force of the cylinder and generate high R2 values which is 0.977. (2) By incorporating the physical laws and simulation data, the model accuracy of R2, RMSE, MAE, and EVS is increased by 9.04%, 53.96%, 55.91%, and 9.89%, respectively. (3) The estimation approach has good robustness, and there is no obvious deviation in the estimation results for 16 cylinders. The novelty to be highlighted is the development of the cylinder driving forces estimation approach with the physical laws incorporated, which is helpful in effectively improving the stability during the excavation and segment assembly process.

PENGARUH PENGUASAAN GERAK LURUS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA MATERI HUKUM NEWTON DI KELAS X SMA NEGERI 1 PADANG BOLAK JULU

The aim of this research was to know wheater there was a significant influence between motion straight mastery and physics learning out comes in newton law subject at the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Padang Bolak Julu.The population of this research was all the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Padang Bolak Julu which include 10 classess or 205 students. The sample of this research was 42 students by using cluster technique sampling. Based on this research, it could be found that the average of straight motion mastery was 78.80 and it was categorized “good”. While the average of physics learning outcomes in newton law subject was 73.35 and it was categorized “good”. Analysis differential was conducted by using “ttest” formulation to know wheter the hyphotesis was accepted or rejected. Based on the calculation of the data, it could be found that tcount = 2.71 and ttable = 1.68, df = 42-2=40 in significant level 5%. By comparing tcount and ttable it could be seen tcount is greater than ttable (2.71>1.68) and it could be concluded that hyphotesis was accepted. It means there was a significant influence between straight motion mastery on physics learning outcome in nowton law subject at the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Padang Bolak Julu.

Adaptive Neural Preassigned-Time Control for Macro–Micro Composite Positioning Stage With Displacement Constraints

This paper considers the rapid vibration reduction problem of macro-micro composite positioning stage (MMCPS) using an adaptive neural preassigned-time control strategy. Based on Newton's second law, the MMCPS is modeled as an interconnected system with unknown perturbations, and for the first time, the vibration reduction problem of MMCPS is transformed into a displacement constraint problem. Through adaptive neural network approximation and backstepping control, a preassigned-time controller with a novel performance function-related term is developed, which not only significantly improves the positioning accuracy and reduces the vibration amplitude but also ensures that the displacements of the voice coil motor axis and the stage are constrained to a predefined region in a finite time. Another distinguished feature of the proposed controller lies in the fact that the settling time of the displacement signals can be set as an arbitrary positive value. Moreover, all signals of the closed-loop system are proved to be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the feasibility of the designed control strategy is demonstrated via a simulation experiment.

Implementation of Contextual Teaching and Learning Based Physics Module on Newton's Law Material to Improve Critical Thinking Skills of Class X Students

This research consisted of two stages, namely the first stage of developing a CTL-based Physics module using Research and Development, through the ADDIE model approach, and the second stage of experimentation at MA Al-Ihsan Boarding School Riau. The experimental stage is to see the effect of using the developed module on improving students' critical thinking skills. The assessment of students' critical thinking skills used pretest and posttest critical thinking skills questions. Data analysis used SPSS Statistics 24 Software. The results of the module development research showed that the feasibility value by experts was 0.879 in the valid category. This shows that the CTL-based modules produced in this study are considered feasible to be used in learning Newton's Law material. The results of the experimental phase research show that there is a significant effect of the use of CTL-based modules on students' critical thinking skills. In the experimental class, critical thinking before treatment was 43.35, the low category increased to 84 good categories after treatment. Whereas in the control class critical thinking before treatment 39.4 low categories increased to 74 good categories after treatment. This means that the experimental class has further increased its critical thinking compared to the control class. The conclusion of this study is that the CTL-based Physics module on Newton's Law material is valid and the use of the developed module can improve students' critical thinking.

Study the effect of cohesion on fine particle transportation through a pore doublet model: A CFD-DEM study

This research delves into the transportation of micro-sized particles within a doublet pore model featuring two distinct pore throat sizes. To simulate a two-phase particle-fluid suspension, the CFD-DEM method is employed, combining the Navier-Stokes equation with Newton's second law of particle motion. Cohesion forces between particles and pore throats are characterized using the Simplified Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (SJKR) contact model, which is applied in our simulation to identify locations of agglomerations. Results reveal that altering cohesive energy density, from 10,000 Jm3 to 100,000 Jm3, significantly increases the likelihood of agglomeration in the smaller pore throat. It becomes evident that areas in close proximity to the throats are the most prone to particle agglomerations, leading to pressure drops over time. The formation of particle clusters within the pore throats intensifies with both an increase in the number of particles and fluid velocity from 0.001ms to 0.01ms. Nevertheless, low flow rates (0.001ms) are insufficient to mitigate blockages.

Prediction of the aggregation rate of nanoparticles in porous media in the diffusion-controlled regime.

The fate and aggregation of nanoparticles (NPs) in the subsurface are important due to potentially harmful impacts on the environment and human health. This study aims to investigate the effects of flow velocity, particle size, and particle concentration on the aggregation rate of NPs in a diffusion-limited regime and build an equation to predict the aggregation rate when NPs move in the pore space between randomly packed spheres (including mono-disperse, bi-disperse, and tri-disperse spheres). The flow of 0.2M potassium chloride (KCl) through the random sphere packings was simulated by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The movement and aggregation of cerium oxide (CeO2) particles were then examined by using a Lagrangian particle tracking method based on a force balance approach. This method relied on Newton's second law of motion and took the interaction forces among particles into account. The aggregation rate of NPs was found to depend linearly on time, and the slope of the line was a power function of the particle concentration, the Reynolds (Re) and Schmidt (Sc) numbers. The exponent for the Sc number was triple that of the Re number, which was evidence that the random movement of NPs has a much stronger effect on the rate of diffusion-controlled aggregation than the convection.

Exact closed-form solution for vibration characteristics of multi-span beams on an elastic foundation subjected to axial force

This paper investigates the vibration characteristics of multi-span beams resting on an elastic foundation and subjected to axial forces. A comprehensive analytical expression of the dynamic response of multi-span beams on an elastic foundation that is developed to address various boundary conditions. The vibration equation is derived by employing Newton's second law. By Laplace transformations and the Green's function method, the solution of this governing equation can be obtained. Subsequently, a unified description is implemented for distinct types of boundary conditions using matrix representations. The correctness is verified through reference results and finite element methods (FEM). The effects of different parameters such as support stiffness, foundation elastic and shear layer stiffness, and axial force on the vibration characteristics are analyzed. This study demonstrates two findings: First, there are two thresholds for support stiffness, and the stiffness value is divided into three intervals. In the same interval, multi-span beams show the same properties. Second, for a rigidly supported multi-span beam, the critical axial force with a natural frequency of zero is just the corresponding Euler's buckling load; for elastically supported multi-span beams, the critical axial force falls between the Euler’s buckling load corresponding to single-span and multi-span beams.

Experimental study of coherent structures and bed shear stress on a smooth bed under a solitary wave

The coherent structures induced by a solitary wave on a smooth bed were studied in a wave flume. The solitary wave was near the point of incipient breaking and the wave Reynolds number was in the intermittent turbulent regime. The velocity field inside the bottom boundary layer was measured using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The bed shear stress was obtained from the measured velocities in the viscous sublayer by employing the Newton's law of viscosity. It was found that the generation and maintenance of turbulent coherent structures in a solitary wave boundary layer was like that observed in oscillatory flow boundary layers at similar wave Reynolds numbers, a process that was first described as the bursting phenomenon in the wall boundary layer of steady flows. The effect of coherent structures on the instantaneous velocity profile and bed shear stress was examined. Ejections and sweeps were found to play a crucial role in producing large bed shear stress fluctuations. Quadrant analysis and probability distribution plots of the bed shear stress showed that sweep (Q4) events were responsible for producing instantaneous bed shear stress values as high as four to five times the standard deviation above the mean, while ejection (Q2) events produced bed shear stress values mostly below the mean. Both types of events were more numerous than outward interaction (Q1) and inward interaction (Q3). It was also found that a high proportion of the measured velocity profiles that did not follow the law of the wall were associated with large vortices in the boundary layer. It was shown that the instantaneous velocities did not conform to a law-of-the-wall velocity profile unless the measured velocity field was averaged over an area large compared to the vortices.

Numerical analysis of an obstacle motion in the human ureter using the dynamic mesh approach.

Peristalsis is a common motion in various biological systems, especially the upper urinary tract, where it plays a pivotal role in conveying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Using computational fluid dynamics, this study aims to investigate the effect of various peristaltic parameters on the motion of an obstacle through a two-dimensional ureter. Methodologically, Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations were utilized as the fluid domain's governing equations, and the Dynamic Mesh method (DM) was employed to simulate the peristaltic and obstacle motion. The peristaltic motion was modeled by a sinusoidal contraction wave propagating alongside the ureter at the physiological speed, and the motion of the obstruction through the ureter, which is caused by the fluid forces applied on its surface, was explored using the equation of Newton's second law. Various test cases of different shapes and sizes were supposed as kidney stones to understand the influence of the peristalsis properties on the stone removal process. The results show that the motion of the kidney stone is highly influenced by the gradient pressure force applied to its surface in the fluid domain. Moreover, investigating the effects of the peristaltic physical properties on the obstacle's motion indicates that the stone's motion is dependent on these parameters. Furthermore, this analysis provides insight into the peristaltic motion effects, assisting physicians in developing new medicines to facilitate the kidney stone removal process based on its shape and size.

The free piston problem for pressureless Euler equations under the gravity

In this paper, the exact solutions of the free piston problem for the one-dimensional pressureless Euler equations under gravity are constructed in fully explicit forms. It is found that delta shock wave and vacuum state are contained in the solutions with appropriate initial condition. Furthermore, the trajectory function of the piston can be obtained in the combination of the generalized Rankine-Hugoniot conditions and Newton's second law, and it can be uniquely determined by the generalized entropy condition. We observe and analyze carefully some interesting nonlinear phenomena. For instance, delta shock wave absorbs the vacuum state and forms a new delta shock wave. In addition, some representative numerical simulations are presented to confirm the correctness of theoretical analysis.